20 Chuyên đề ngữ pháp nâng cao Tiếng Anh Lớp 12

Nội dung text: 20 Chuyên đề ngữ pháp nâng cao Tiếng Anh Lớp 12

1. 20 chuyên đề ngữ pháp nâng cao Tiếng Anh THCS và THPT 2018 NGỮ PHÁP CHUYÊN SÂU BỒI DƯỠNG HỌC SINH GIỎI TIẾNG ANH Tài liệu không trình bày lại kiến thức cơ bản mà tập trung vào việc nêu lên các phần kiến thức nâng cao và BT ứng dụng liên quan tới 20 chuyên đề chính, tập trung nhiều vào các vấn đề hay và khó thường gặp trong các đề thi. Các câu hỏi hay và khó đều có đáp án, giải thích chi tiết và đặc biệt là có ghi chú nguồn gốc của tài liệu tham khảo của mỗi câu ở phần đáp án. CD1: Modal Verbs CD2: Reducing a clause CD3: Passive Voice CD4: Subjunctives and Unreal Tenses CD5: Clauses of Concession and Reason CD6: Tenses CD7: Conditions CD8: Comparisons CD9: Styles CD10: Noun Clauses CD11: V.ing/ Infinitives CD12: Paired Conjunctions CD13: Relative Clauses CD14: Inversions CD15: So that/ Such that CD16: Cleft Sentences CD17: Phrasal Verbs CD18: Idioms CD19: Reported Speech CD20: Others
2. CHUYÊN ĐỀ 1: BỒI DƯỠNG KIẾN THỨC NÂNG CAO VỀ ĐỘNG TỪ KHUYẾT THIẾU MODAL VERBS I. Some Common Modal Verbs 1. Must/ Have to Must: phải => diễn tả sự cần thiết, bắt buộc (mang tính cá nhân); chắc hản => diễn tả sự suy luận logic ở ht E.g. - She’s a really nice person. You must meet her. (= I say this is necessary) Cô ấy là một người thật sự tốt. Anh phải gặp cô ấy. (= tôi nói điều đó là cần thiết) I haven’t phoned Ann for ages. I must phone her tonight. Đã lâu rồi tôi không gọi điện thoại cho Ann. Tôi phải gọi cho cô ấy tối nay. You must be worried that she is so late coming home. Chắc hẳn bạn phải lo lắng lắm vì cô ấy về nhà trễ thế này. The grass is wet. It must be raining. You must be hungry. You haven't eaten anything all day. (Opposite: - You can't be hungry. You've just eaten.) Have to: phải => diễn tả sự bắt buộc không mang tính chất cá nhân, thường nói về quy định, luật lệ, hoàn cảnh khách quan. Have to không phải là trợ động từ nhưng có nghĩa giống như trợ động từ Must. E.g. - You can’t turn right here. You have to turn left. (because of the traffic system) Anh không thể rẽ phải ở đây. Anh phải rẽ trái. (do luật giao thông) My eye sight isn’t very good. I have to wear glasses for reading. Thị lực của tôi không được tốt. Tôi phải đeo kính để đọc sách. (do hoàn cảnh thực tế) George can’t come out with us this evening. He has to work. George không thể đi với chúng ta tối nay. Anh ấy phải làm việc. Mustn’t và don’t have to là hoàn toàn khác nhau. + Mustn’t do St: không được (phép) làm gì E.g. - You must keep it a secret. You mustn’t tell anyone. (=don’t tell anyone) Bạn phải giữ điều đó bí mật nhé. Bạn không được nói với bất cứ ai. + Don’t have to do St: không cần thiết phải làm điều đó (nhưng có thể làm nếu bạn muốn). E.g. - You can tell me if you want but you don’t have to tell me (= you don’t need to tell me) Bạn có thể kể với tôi nếu bạn muốn nhưng bạn không bắt buộc phải nói với tôi. (= bạn không cần phải nói với tôi) I’m not working tomorrow, so I don’t have to get up early. Sáng mai tôi không làm việc, vì vậy tôi không phải dậy sớm. 2. Need (cần) Need: được sử dụng như một động từ thường Need to do St: nếu chủ ngữ là một vật thể sống => cần phải E.g. - He will need to drive home alone tonight. John needs to paint his house. Need doing St/ Need to be done: nếu chủ ngữ không phải là vật thể sống (= Want/Require + V.ing => nhưng ít dùng) The television needs repairing. (The television needs to be repaired.) Your essays need rewriting. (Your essays need to be rewritten.) Need: được sử dụng như một trợ động từ trong thể phủ định, nghi vấn ở thời hiện tại (không có s ở ngôi 3 số ít) Needn’t là hình thức phủ định của Must (vì Mustn’t có nghĩa là không được phép) E.g.
3. You needn’t apply for a visa to visit France if you hold a EU passport, but if you are not an EU citizen, you mustn’t unless you have a visa. 3. Can: Có thể => chỉ khả năng của con người, gợi ý, E.g. - I can swim. Can I help you? Could: Có thể => chỉ khả năng của con người trong quá khứ, hỏi đường, yêu cầu lịch sự Could you tell me the way to the nearest post office, please? Could you close the windows, please? May: Có thể => chỉ khả năng của sự việc, xin phép, cho phép, E.g. - May I go out? China may become a major economic power. (TQ có thể trở thành một cường quốc về kinh tế.) Might: Có thể => chỉ khả năng của sự việc, E.g. - We had better phone tomorrow, they might be eating their dinner now. Should/Ought to/ Had better/ Be(ht) supposed to: nên => chỉ sự khuyên bảo E.g. - I think we should check everything again. *. Should: ngoài ra should còn dùng để diễn tả điều gì đó ở hiện tại không như mong đợi. E.g. - The price on this packet is wrong. It says 65 cents but It should be 50. (giá ghi trên gói hàng này không đúng Nó ghi 65 xu nhưng đáng lẽ chỉ là 50 xu thôi). The train should be here now. (Đáng lẽ giờ này tàu phải đến đây rồi.) *. If . should: nếu mà => ít chắc chắn E.g. - If you should see Tom this evening, can you tell him to phone me? (Nếu tối nay gặp bạn Tom, bạn có thể bảo anh ta gọi điện thoại cho tôi được không?). Câu này cũng tương tự như câu “If you see Tom “(Nếu bạn gặp Tom) (không có should). Với should người nói ít chắc chắn (less certain) hơn: If it should rain, can you bring in the washing from the garden? (Nếu trời mưa, đem đồ đang phơi ngoài vườn vào nhé?) May as well/Might as well: Thôi thì ; => diễn tả một việc gì đó nên làm vì không còn gì khác tốt hơn thế E.g. - You’ll have to wait an hour for the next bus, so you might as well walk. (Bạn phải đợi một tiếng mới có chuyến xe buýt kế tiếp, thôi thì bạn đi bộ cho rồi). - We may as well go to the party. We’re nothing else to do. (Thôi thì chúng ta đi dự tiệc vậy. Chúng ta không còn việc gì khác để làm cả). ‘’Shall we have dinner now?’’ ‘’We might as well’’. (Chúng ta sẽ ăn tối bây giờ chứ? ‘’Cũng được thôi’’) Would like: muốn => diễn tả lời mời hoặc mong muốn E.g. - Would you like to dance with me? - I would like to visit Thailand. II. Modal Verbs in the Past Must have + V(p2): chắc chắn là đã, chắc hẳn là đã, chắc chắn phải => suy luận về quá khứ mà người nói biết chắc chắn 100%. Hoa should have arrived by now, she must have missed the bus. Jane did very well on the exam. She must have studied hard. I didn’t hear you knock, I must have been gardening behind the house. Should(n’t)/Ought(n’t) to + have + V(p2): Lẽ ra (không) nên => Diễn tả điều gì đó nên làm trong qk nhưng đã không làm => thường thể hiện sự núi tiếc, ân hận của người nói E.g. - He failed his exams. He should have studied harder. You oughtn’t have bought a second-hand car. It cost you a lot of money to have it repaired.
4. Can’t + have + V(p2): Chắc chắn không thể => Diễn tả điều gì đó không thể xảy ra vì người nói biết chắc chắn. E.g. - It can’t have been John you saw yesterday. He came to Paris last week. Couldn’t + have + V(p2): Lẽ ra có/không thể => Diễn tả khả năng của sự việc trong quá khứ nhưng không thực hiện được, hoặc sự việc có thể đã xảy ra trong qk nhưng người nói không chắc chắn lắm. E.g. - David could have won the race if he had tried. (Lẽ ra David có thể thắng cuộc ) - It could have been Sue, I suppose. (Đó có thể là Sue, tôi nghĩ thế => không chắc chắn) Why did you stay at a hotel when you went to New York? You could have stayed with Barbara. (= you had the opportunity to stay with her but you didn't) (Tại sao bạn lại ở khách sạn khi bạn đến New York? Bạn có thể ở với Barbara cơ mà. (=bạn đã có cơ hội ở với cô ấy nhưng bạn không thực hiện) Jack fell off a ladder yesterday but he’s all right. He’s lucky - he could have hurt himself badly. (but he didn't hurt himself) (Ngày hôm qua Jack đã ngã xuống từ một cái thang nhưng anh ấy không hề gì. Anh ấy thật may mắn - anh ấy lẽ ra đã bị thương rất nặng. (nhưng anh ấy đã không bị thương gì hết) The situation was bad but it could have been worse. Tình hình là xấu nhưng nó đã có thể tồi tệ hơn nhiều. The cause of death could have been bacteria. May/Might + have + V(p2): Có thể đã => Diễn tả khả năng của sự việc trong quá khứ nhưng không chắc chắn lắm. I didn’t hear the telephone ring, I might heave been sleeping at that time. (compare past continuous) Ben might have gone to the movies yesterday. Needn’t + have + V(p2): lẽ ra không cần => Diễn tả điều gì đó không cần phải làm trong quá khứ nhưng đã làm vì không biết trước. Bây giờ mới biết là điều đó không cần thiết. E.g. - It didn’t rain. He needn’t have brought the umbrella. (He brought it. He didn’t know whether it rained or not.) *. Needn’t have done St (lẽ ra không cần phải: vì không biết trước nên đã thực hiện) and Didn’t need to do St (không cần thiết phải: biết trước sự việc ngay từ đầu và đã không thực hiện ) E.g. - I didn’t get up early, so I didn’t.
5. PRACITCE ON MODAL VERBS IN THE PRESENT I advise you to put your money in the bank. => You’d Excuse me! I’d like some information about the English summer course, please. => Could you John offered to carry Jane’s case for her. => “Would you like .” The motor in this machine needs cleaning once a week. (has) => The motor in this machine . once a week. I’d like to invite you to luch. => Will you .? It’s possible Louise is waiting for us at the airport. => Louise may It is not necessary for anyone to know who paid the ransom to the kidnappers. => No one need . It may be necessary for us to cancel our holiday because my mother is ill. => We may He is very likely to come. (probability) => It’d be a good idea for you to come with us next Sunday. ought => Next Sunday . with us. Photography is not allowed in the museums. photographs => You in the museum. There’s no need for you to do any work if you don’t feel like it. have => If you don’t feel like it do any work. It isn’t always necessary to be a member of the club. need => You be a member of the club. 14. She was not certain about the trip. decide => She about the trip. A heavy shower prevented them from finishing their game of tennis. => They were He couldn't swim until he was in his twenties. ABLE => He until he was in his twenties. Perhaps he’s working late. may => He may be working . late. 18. Mother told Tom that he had to go to bed early. must => ‘You to bed early,’ Mother told Tom. They will expect you to wear a suit for the interview. HAVE => You a suit for the interview. I'd see a doctor if I were you. OUGHT => You a doctor. Could you speak English when you were younger? ABLE => When you were younger, . speak English? 22. I think it’s time the children went to bed now. HAD => I think the children to bed now. 23. I am sure Maria finds reading interesting because she has lots of books. MUST => Maria reading because she has lots of books. 24.Do you happen to know the time of the next train to London? COULD => I wonder . me the time of the next train to London? 25. I think Roman needs to see a doctor. His cough is terrible. ought => With that terrible cough, Roman a doctor. 26."Why don't you take a day off?" asked Magda. should => Magda suggested a day off George knew how to ride a bicycle when he was five. => George was I wanted to go to the party, but it was snowing hard. => I couldn’t 20 chuyên đề ngữ pháp nâng cao Tiếng Anh THCS và THPT 2018 (Note: If it hadn’t been snowing hard, I could have gone to the party.) If I were you, I wouldn’t tell anybody about the discovery. => You had
6. Jerry had terrible problems with solving the riddle. (hardly) => Jerry could Isn’t it high time you greased the hinges? (need) => 32. You should take an umbrella with you. BETTER => You ___an umbrella with you. 33. It’s forbidden to take pictures. (not) => You ___ pictures. It isn’t necessary to feed the cats. I’ve already fed them. (have) => You ___ the cats. It’s prohibited to take pets into the museum. (not) => You ___ into the museum. 36. It isn’t necessary to change the sheets. I’ll do it tomorrow. (need) => You ___ the sheets. Students aren’t allowed to leave the dormitory after 11 p.m. (not) => Students ___ after 11 p.m. Kindergarden students needn’t wear school uniforms. (have) => Kindergarden students ___ school uniforms. PRACTICE ON MODAL VERBS IN THE PAST I’m sure it was Tom who cleared everything up. => Tom must I’m sure he didn’t know that his brother was seriously ill. => He couldn’t possibly It was careless of you to leave the windows open last night. => You should not I’m sure she didn’t do it on purpose. => She can’t Diane was supposed to write to her parents last week. (ought) => Diane Maybe Mathew forgot all about it. => Mathew might I had the chance to do a parachute jump, but I was too scared. => I could I’m absolutely sure that they weren’t playing in this weather. => They can’t It wasn’t necessary for you to go to so much trouble on my behalf. => You needn’t Jean’s boss was extremely kind to her. => Jean’s boss couldn’t Our worrying so much was a waste of time. => We needn’t It is just not possible for the cat to have opened the fridge! => The cat It would have been possible for Helen to give us a lift. => Helen School uniform wasn’t compulsory at my school. => We His efforts to find a solution didn’t deserve such savage criticism. => He shouldn’t Perhaps I didn't get a better job because I didn't study hard enough. => I might Martin needn’t have paid for all our tickets. => It It’s impossible for them to have found him in that jungle. => He It was wrong of you to scare your mother like that. => You oughtn’t I’m afraid there may be something missing from your report. (OVERLOOKED) => I think it was a mistake to lend your car to Joe. (SHOULD) => I don’t think your car to Joe.
7. It was impossible to predict all the problems that we faced when we built our own house. (PREDICTED) => Nobody could face so many problems when we built our own house. You couldn’t have seen Mary in the park. => It He must have spent a small fortune renovating that told house => It must It’s possible that the building was burgled after midnight. may => The building after midnight. 26. It wasn’t necessary to meet me at the airport yesterday. needn’t => You me at the airport yesterday. 27. It was unkind of you to talk to her like that. not => You to her like that. Perhaps he hasn’t received the doctor’s results yet. may => He the doctor’s results yet. 29. It is likely that they have already left. may => They . left. 30. I’m sure he took the cheque-book with him. must => He the cheque-book with him. 31. It’s possible that she didn’t understand what I had said. might => She . what I had said. 32. She is certain to have heard about it on the news. must => She ___ about it on the news. You can’t vote unless you are over eighteen. must => You . to vote. I doubt very much that you saw Carla at the party as she’s in Scotland at the moment. can’tF => You ___ Carla at the party as she’s in Scotland at the moment. It was wrong of you to steal those apples from Mrs Brown’s garden. should => You ___ those apples from Mrs Brown’s garden. 36 The thief ran right past you so I’m sure you saw his face. must => The thief ran right past you so his face. 37. It’s possible that they didn’t get the message in time. might => They ___ the message in time. 38. I went to the office then remembered it was my day off. HAVE => I to the office as it was my day off. 39. Perhaps we missed the correct turning. MIGHT => We the correct turning. 40. We got a table at the restaurant without a reservation. NEED => We book a table at the restaurant. 41. You were expected to answer all the questions on the exam paper. ANSWERED => You all the questions on the examination paper. 42. I'm sure it was Ana I saw in town as I recognised her coat. MUST => It Ana I saw in town as I recognised her coat. 43. I positively know they haven't accepted the raise. => They can't ___ 44. Maybe John has not remembered about tonight’s party. COULD => I suppose John about tonight’s party. We booked seats but it was not necessary because there was plenty of room. BOOKED => We seats because there was plenty of room. Marcin didn't come to the meeting yesterday. Perhaps he was ill. might => Marcin yesterday. 47. I took a jumper but it wasn't necessary. taken => I a jumper. I'm sure he was at home last night. must => He at home last night. Maurice didn't come to the meeting yesterday. Perhaps he was ill. might => Maurice yesterday. 50.I took a sweater but it wasn't necessary. taken => I . a sweater.
8. ANSWER KEY PRACITCE ON MODAL VERBS IN THE PRESENT I advise you to put your money in the bank. => You’d (DH QG TP.HCM – Khoi D – chuyen ban 97-98, P.238) Excuse me! I’d like some information about the English summer course, please. => Could you (Could you tell me some information about the English summer course, please?) (DH Vinh – 2001-2002, P.91) John offered to carry Jane’s case for her. => “Would you like .” (“Would you like me to carry your case, Jane” John said to Jane.) (CDSP Dong Thap – 2001-2002, P.242) The motor in this machine needs cleaning once a week. (has) => The motor in this machine . once a week. (has to be cleaned) (BTTH TA10 – P130) I’d like to invite you to luch. => Will you . .? (come to lunch with me?) (BTTH TA 10 – P.56) It’s possible Louise is waiting for us at the airport. => Louise may (be waiting for us at the airport.) (BTTA 12 – P.157) It is not necessary for anyone to know who paid the ransom to the kidnappers. => No one need (know who paid the ransom to the kidnappers.) (BTTA 12 – P.157) It may be necessary for us to cancel our holiday because my mother is ill. => We may (have to cancel our holiday because my mother is ill.) (it’s necessary => have to, it may be necessary => may have to) (BTTA 12 – P.157) 9. He is very likely to come. (probability) => (In all probability he will come.) (BD HSG TA 11 – P.68) (rất có thể anh ta sẽ đến) It’d be a good idea for you to come with us next Sunday. ought => Next Sunday . with us. (Next Sunday you ought to come with us.) Photography is not allowed in the museums. photographs => You in the museum. (You mustn’t take photographs in the museum.) There’s no need for you to do any work if you don’t feel like it. have => If you don’t feel like it do any work. (If you don’t feel like it you don’t have to do any work.) It isn’t always necessary to be a member of the club. need => You be a member of the club. (You don’t always need to be a member of the club.) 14. She was not certain about the trip. decide => She about the trip. (She could not decide about the trip.) A heavy shower prevented them from finishing their game of tennis. => They were (unable to finish their game of tennis because of a heavy shower./ acceptable answer: prevented from finishing their game of tennis because of a heavy shower.) (BTTA – P.157) He couldn't swim until he was in his twenties. ABLE => He until he was in his twenties. (wasn't able to swim/ was not able to swim)
9. Perhaps he’s working late. may => He may be working . late. (He may be working . late.) 18. Mother told Tom that he had to go to bed early. must => ‘You to bed early,’ Mother told Tom. (‘You to must go bed early,’ Mother told Tom.) They will expect you to wear a suit for the interview. HAVE => You a suit for the interview. ('ll have to wear/will have to wear) I'd see a doctor if I were you. OUGHT => You a doctor. (ought to see) Could you speak English when you were younger? ABLE => When you were younger, . speak English? (were you able to) 22. I think it’s time the children went to bed now. HAD => I think the children to bed now. (had better go) 23. I am sure Maria finds reading interesting because she has lots of books. MUST => Maria reading because she has lots of books. (must be interested in/must have an interest in) 24.Do you happen to know the time of the next train to London? COULD => I wonder . me the time of the next train to London? (if you could tell) 25. I think Roman needs to see a doctor. His cough is terrible. ought => With that terrible cough, Roman a doctor. (With that terrible cough, Roman ought to see a doctor.) 26."Why don't you take a day off?" asked Magda. should => Magda suggested . a day off. (Magda suggested I should take a day off.) 27. George knew how to ride a bicycle when he was five. => George was (able to ride a bicycle when he was five. = George could ride a bicycle when he was five.) (BD HSG TA 11 – P.21) I wanted to go to the party, but it was snowing hard. => I couldn’t (go to the party because it was snowing hard.) (BD HSG TA 11 – P.21) (Note: If it hadn’t been snowing hard, I could have gone to the party.) If I were you, I wouldn’t tell anybody about the discovery. => You had (You had better not tell anybody about the discovery.) Jerry had terrible problems with solving the riddle. (hardly) => Jerry could (Jerry could hardly solve the riddle.) Isn’t it high time you greased the hinges? (need) => (Don’t the hinges need greasing/ to be greased?) 32. You should take an umbrella with you. BETTER => You an umbrella with you. (had better take/ 'd better take) 33. It’s forbidden to take pictures. (not) => You ___ pictures. (must not take) 34. It isn’t necessary to feed the cats. I’ve already fed them. (have) => You ___ the cats. (don’t have to feed) 20 chuyên đề ngữ pháp nâng cao Tiếng Anh THCS và THPT 2018 35. It’s prohibited to take pets into the museum. (not) => You ___ into the museum. (must not take pets) 36. It isn’t necessary to change the sheets. I’ll do it tomorrow. (need) => You ___ the sheets. (don’t need to change)
10. 37. Students aren’t allowed to leave the dormitory after 11 p.m. (not) => Students ___ after 11 p.m. (mustn’t/can not leave the dormitory) 38. Kindergarden students needn’t wear school uniforms. (have) => Kindergarden students ___ school uniforms. (don’t have to wear) PRACTICE ON MODAL VERBS IN THE PAST I’m sure it was Tom who cleared everything up. => Tom must (DH NN Ha Noi – Khoi D – chuyen ban 97-98, P.186) I’m sure he didn’t know that his brother was seriously ill. => He couldn’t possibly (He couldn’t possibly have known that his brother was seriously ill.) (Hoc Vien QHQT – Khoi D 97-98, P.294) It was careless of you to leave the windows open last night. => You should not (You should not have left the windows open last night.) (CDSP Ha Noi – P.330) I’m sure she didn’t do it on purpose. => She can’t (She can’t have done it on purpose.) (DH An Giang – 97-98, P.10) Diane was supposed to write to her parents last week. (ought) => Diane (ought to have written) to her parents last week. (BTTH TA 10 – P.104) Maybe Mathew forgot all about it. => Mathew might (have forgotten all about it.) (BTTA 12 – P.157) I had the chance to do a parachute jump, but I was too scared. => I could (have done a parachute jump, but I was too scared.) (BTTA 12 – P.157) I’m absolutely sure that they weren’t playing in this weather. => They can’t (have (possibly) have been playing in this weather.) (BTTA 12 – P.157) It wasn’t necessary for you to go to so much trouble on my behalf. (BTTA 12 – P.157) => You needn’t (have gone to so much trouble on my behalf.) Jean’s boss was extremely kind to her. => Jean’s boss couldn’t (have been kinder.) (BD HSG TA 11 – P.21) 11. Our worrying so much was a waste of time. => We needn’t (have worried so much.- We didn’t need to worry so much) (BD HSG TA 11 – P.21) It is just not possible for the cat to have opened the fridge! => The cat (can’t have opened the fridge.) (BD HSG TA 11 – P.21)
11. It would have been possible for Helen to give us a lift. => Helen (might have given us a lift.) (BD HSG TA 11 – P.21) School uniform wasn’t compulsory at my school. => We (didn’t have/need to wear uniform at my school.) (BD HSG TA 11 – P.21) His efforts to find a solution didn’t deserve such savage criticism. => He shouldn’t (have been so savagely criticized for his efforts to find a solution. => style + modal verb + passive voice) (Nỗ lực tìm kiếm giải pháp của anh ta không đáng bị phê bình gay gắt như vậy.) (BD HSG TA 11 – P.68) Perhaps I didn't get a better job because I didn't study hard enough. => I might (have got a better job if I had studied hard enough) (De TSDH 2002) Martin needn’t have paid for all our tickets. (BD HSG TA 11 – P.156) => It (wasn’t necessary for Martin to pay for all our tickets) (Compare: It isn’t necessary for you to do that. => You needn’t do/ don’t need to do/don’t have to do that.) It’s impossible for them to have found him in that jungle. => He (can’t have been found in that jungle/ is impossible to have been found in that jungle.) (BD HSG TA 12 – P.72) 19. It was wrong of you to scare your mother like that. => You oughtn’t (to have scared your mother like that. (BD HSG TA 12 – P.98) I’m afraid there may be something missing from your report. (OVERLOOKED) => (I’m afraid you may have overlooked something from your report.) (BD HSG TA 12 – P.139) - Missing (a): sót lại, thiếu - Overlook St: Bỏ sót thứ gì đó I think it was a mistake to lend your car to Joe. (SHOULD) => I don’t think your car to Joe. (I don’t think you should have lent your car to Joe. (CAE-3)  Lend Sb St Lend St to Sb: cho ai mượn, vay It was impossible to predict all the problems that we faced when we built our own house. (PREDICTED) => Nobody could face so many problems when we built our own house. (Nobody could have predicted we would/were going to face so many problems when we built our own house.) (Có lẽ không ai có đoán trước được chúng ta sẽ gặp phải nhiều vấn đề như thế khi xây nhà của mình) (CAE - 4) You couldn’t have seen Mary in the park. => It (It couldn’t have been Mary (who/whom/that) you saw in the park.) He must have spent a small fortune renovating that told house. => It must (It must have cost him a small fortune to renovate that old house.) It’s possible that the building was burgled after midnight. may => The building after midnight.
12. (The building may have been burgled after midnight.) 26. It wasn’t necessary to meet me at the airport yesterday. needn’t => You me at the airport yesterday. (You needn’t have met me at the airport yesterday.) 27. It was unkind of you to talk to her like that. not => You to her like that. (You should not have talked to her like that.) Perhaps he hasn’t received the doctor’s results yet. may => He . the doctor’s results yet. (He may not have received the doctor’s results yet.) 29. It is likely that they have already left. may => They left. (They may have already left.) I’m sure he took the cheque-book with him. must => He the cheque-book with him. (He must have taken the cheque-book with him.) It’s possible that she didn’t understand what I had said. might => She . what I had said. (She . might not have understood what I had said.) 32. She is certain to have heard about it on the news. must => She ___ about it on the news. (She __must have heard__ about it on the news.) You can’t vote unless you are over eighteen. must => You . to vote. (You must be over eighteen to vote.) I doubt very much that you saw Carla at the party as she’s in Scotland at the moment. can’t => You ___ Carla at the party as she’s in Scotland at the moment. (You ___cannot have seen ___ Carla at the party as she’s in Scotland at the moment.) It was wrong of you to steal those apples from Mrs Brown’s garden. should => You ___ those apples from Mrs Brown’s garden. (You___ should not have stolen __ those apples from Mrs Brown’s garden.) 36 The thief ran right past you so I’m sure you saw his face. must => The thief ran right past you so his face. (The thief ran right past you so you must | have seen his face.) 37. It’s possible that they didn’t get the message in time. might => They ___ the message in time. (They ___might not have got __ the message in time.) 38. I went to the office then remembered it was my day off. HAVE => I to the office as it was my day off. (need not have gone/ needn't have gone) 39. Perhaps we missed the correct turning. MIGHT => We the correct turning. (might have missed/might've missed) 40. We got a table at the restaurant without a reservation. NEED => We book a table at the restaurant. (did not need to/didn't need to) 41. You were expected to answer all the questions on the exam paper. ANSWERED => You all the questions on the examination paper. (should have answered/should've answered)
13. 42. I'm sure it was Ana I saw in town as I recognised her coat. MUST => It Ana I saw in town as I recognised her coat. (must have been) 43. I positively know they haven't accepted the raise. => They can't ___ (They can’t have accepted the raise.) 44. Maybe John has not remembered about tonight’s party. COULD => I suppose John about tonight’s party. (could have forgotten) We booked seats but it was not necessary because there was plenty of room. BOOKED => We seats because there was plenty of room. (needn’t/need not have booked) Marcin didn't come to the meeting yesterday. Perhaps he was ill. might => Marcin yesterday. (Marcin might have been ill yesterday.) 47. I took a jumper but it wasn't necessary. taken => I a jumper. (I needn’t have taken a jumper.) I'm sure he was at home last night. must => He must have been at home last night. Maurice didn't come to the meeting yesterday. Perhaps he was ill. might => Maurice yesterday. (Maurice might have been ill yesterday.) 50.I took a sweater but it wasn't necessary. taken => I a sweater. (I needn’t have taken a sweater.)
14. CHUYÊN ĐỀ 2: BỒI DƯỠNG KIẾN THỨC NÂNG CAO VỀ CÁC VẤN ĐỀ RÚT GỌN MỆNH ĐỀ Reducing Problem: PHẦN A - CÁC DẠNG RÚT GỌN MỆNH ĐỀ A - RÚT GỌN MỆNH ĐỀ QUAN HỆ Mệnh đề quan hệ có thể được rút gọn thành 6 dạng: Hiện tại phân từ (Present Participle), Qúa khứ phân từ (Past Participle), Động từ nguyên thể (To Infinitive), Cụm đồng cách danh từ (Noun Phrase), Cụm giới từ (Preposition Phrase), và Tính từ ghép (Compound Adjective). Rút gọn mệnh đề quan hệ dưới dạng phân từ hiện tại (Present Participle - V.ing) Khi động từ (V) trong mệnh đề quan hệ ở thể chủ động, ta rút gọn bằng cách bỏ bỏ đại từ quan hệ và chuyển chuyển động từ về dạng V.ing. Ví dụ: You should take care of the things which belong to you. => You should take care of the things belonging to you. The fans who want to meet their idol are waiting at the station. => The fans wanting to meet their idol are waiting at the station. Nếu động từ trong mệnh đề quan hệ ở thì tiếp diễn thì bỏ đại từ quan hệ và động từ To be, giữ nguyên V.ing. Ví dụ: The man who is giving a speech on the stage is our new teacher. => The man giving a speech on the stage is our new teacher. The doctors who are working in this hospital are from England. => The doctors working in this hospital are from England. Rút gọn mệnh đề quan hệ thành cụm quá khứ phân từ (Past Participle - thường được viết dưới dạng: V3/Vp2/Vpp/V.ed) Khi động từ trong mệnh đề quan hệ ở dạng bị động, ta rút gọn bằng cách bỏ đại từ quan hệ và động từ “To be”, giữ lại quá khứ phân từ. Ví dụ: The picture which was stolen last month has just been found. => The picture stolen last month has just been found. The boy who was punished by his father cried bitterly. => The boy punished by his father cried bitterly. Rút gọn mệnh đề quan hệ thành cụm động từ nguyên thể (To Infinitive) Ta thường sử dụng động từ nguyên thể to infinitive để rút gọn một mệnh đề quan hệ khi chúng đứng sau cụm danh từ có số thứ tự, hình thức so sánh hơn nhất, hoặc khi mệnh để quan hệ đó được dùng để chỉ mục đích, nghĩa vụ dù cho động từ ở mệnh đề ở dạng chủ động hay bị động. a. Rút gọn về dạng động từ nguyên thể “To Infinitive” Ta rút gọn mệnh đề quan hệ về dạng To Infinitive khi trước nó là cụm danh từ bắt đầu bằng số thứ tự, hay hình thức so sánh hơn nhất của tính từ Ví dụ: - Tom was the last men that left the party. => Tom was the last men to leave the party. Minh was the most intelligent person that could answer the question. => Minh was the most intelligent person to answer the question. 20 chuyên đề ngữ pháp nâng cao Tiếng Anh THCS và THPT 2018 Ta rút gọn mệnh đề quan hệ về dạng To Infinitive khi mệnh đề quan hệ theo sau chỉ mục đích, nghĩa vụ - thường có các động từ want, need, và các động từ khuyết thiếu khác như can, could, have to, must, should, Ví dụ:
15. He bought some books which he could read during his vacation. => He bought some books to read during his vacation. I have many homework that I must do. => I have many homework to do. *. GHI NHỚ: Khi rút gọn mệnh đề về dạng To Infinitive này có hai điểm cần nhớ sau đây: - Nếu chủ từ hai mệnh đề khác nhau thì thêm cụm “ for somebody ” trước To Infinitive. Ví dụ: - We have some picture books that the children can read. =>We have some picture books for the children to read. Tuy nhiên nếu chủ từ đó là các từ có nghĩa chung chung như everyone, people, thì có thể bỏ đi Ví dụ: Studying abroad is the wonderful thing that they must think about. => Studying abroad is the wonderful thing to think about. Nếu trước đại từ quan hệ có giới từ thì phải đưa về cuối câu. (đây là lỗi dễ sai nhất khi làm bài). Ví dụ: We have a peg on which we can hang our coat. => We have a peg to hang our coat on. He wants to buy a big garden in which his children can play. =>He wants to buy a big garden for his children to play in Rút gọn về dạng nguyên thể bị động “To Be + V.p2” Ta rút gọn mệnh đề quan hệ về dạng To Be + V.p2 khi trước nó là cụm danh từ bắt đầu bằng số thứ tự, hình thức so sánh hơn nhất của tính từ và động từ trong mệnh đề quan hệ ở dạng bị động. Ví dụ: - That was the fifth man who was killed in this month. => That was the fifth man to be killed in this month There are six letters which have to be written today. => There are six letters to be written today. Rút gọn mệnh đề quan hệ bằng cách sử dụng cụm đồng cách danh từ Ta có thể rút gọn mệnh đề quan hệ về dạng cụm đồng cách danh từ khi mệnh đề quan hệ có cấu trúc sau đây: N + Who/That/Which + V + N/N.P ( trong đó: N - danh từ; N.P - cụm danh từ) Ví dụ: Bangkok, which is the capital of Thailand, is very beautiful. => Bangkok, the capital of Thailand, is very beautiful. My uncle, who is an engineer, lives in Hochiminh city. => My uncle, an engineer, lives in HCM city. Football, which is a popular sport, is very good for health. => Football, a popular sport, is very good for health. 20 chuyên đề ngữ pháp nâng cao Tiếng Anh THCS và THPT 2018 5. Rút gọn mệnh đề quan hệ bằng cách sử dụng cụm giới từ Ngoài ra, ta còn có thể rút gọn mệnh đề quan hệ về dạng cụm giới từ khi mệnh đề quan hệ có cấu trúc sau đây: N + Who/That/Which + V + Prep.Phrase (cụm giới từ) Ví dụ: The students who study in this school have to wear uniforms. => The students in this school have to wear uniforms.
16. The workers who work in that company are on strike now. => The workers in that company are on strike now. Do you like the book which is on the table? => Do you like the book on the table? The bag which is on the table is Mr Spring's. => The bag on the table is Mr Spring's. Rút gọn mệnh đề quan hệ bằng cách sử dụng cụm tính từ ghép Đây là dạng khá hay của phần rút gọn mệnh đề quan hệ mà ít ai để ý đến. Cách làm dạng này như sau: tìm trong mệnh đề một số đếm và danh từ đi sau nó, sau đó ta để chúng kế nhau và thêm dấu gạch nối ở giữa. Đem tính từ ghép đó ra trước danh từ đứng truớc who,which, - các phần còn lại bỏ hết. Lưu ý: Danh từ ở phần tính từ ghép không được để ở dạng số nhiều (thêm S/ES) . Chỉ dùng được dạng này khi mệnh để tính từ có số đếm Dùng gạch nối ngăn cách giữa số đếm và danh từ trong mệnh đề quan hệ. Ví dụ: I have a car which has four seats => I have a four-seat car. I had a holiday which lasted two days. => I had a two-day holiday. *. PHƯƠNG PHÁP KHI LÀM BÀI RÚT GỌN MỆNH ĐỀ QUAN HỆ Khi làm bài tập rút gọn mệnh đề quan hệ, nếu ta biết cách làm thì gần như không khi nào làm sai cả. Nhưng nếu ta chưa “thấm nhuần” kiến thức và phương pháp làm bài thì vẫn sẽ còn gặp nhiều khó khăn. Dưới đây tôi xin gợi ý phương pháp làm bài tập rút gọn mệnh đề quan hệ với ba bước cơ bản sau: Bước 1: Tìm mệnh đề quan hệ Bước này tương đối dễ vì mệnh đề tính từ thường bắt đầu bằng WHO, WHICH, THAT Bước 2: Xét dạng của mệnh đề quan hệ Bước này rất quan trọng vì ta phải xét xem mệnh đề quan hệ đó có dạng nào để áp dụng công thức cho phù hợp. Riêng bước này khi học thì ta học từ dễ đến khó nhưng khi làm bài thì ngược lại phải suy luận từ khó đến dễ và phải theo thứ tự nếu không sẽ làm sai. Ví dụ: This is the first man who was arrested by police yesterday. Mới nhìn ta thấy đây là câu bị động, nếu vội vàng thì sẽ dễ dàng biến nó thành: This is the first man arrested by police yesterday (sai) Thật ra đáp án là: This is the first man to be arrested by police yesterday. Do đó ta cần hết sức chú ý tới các bước xét hình thức mệnh đề quan hệ: B1. Nhìn xem mệnh đề quan hệ đó có công thức: Who/Which/That + BE + CỤM DANH TỪ/GIỚI TỪ hoặc có số đếm hay không? Nếu có áp dụng công thức 4, 5 hoặc 6. B2. Nếu không có công thức đó thì xem nhìn phía trước who, which có các dấu hiệu first, only v v không, hoặc xem mệnh đề quan hệ có các động từ khuyết thiếu 20 chuyên đề ngữ pháp nâng cao Tiếng Anh THCS và THPT 2018 can/could/must, hay không. Nếu có thì áp dụng công thức 3 (To Infinitive hay To be + Vp2), lưu ý thêm là phải xem hai chủ ngữ có khác nhau không để dùng “for somebody”, và xem có phải chuyển giới từ ra sau hay không. B3. Nếu không có hai trường hợp trên mới xét xem câu đó chủ động hay bị động mà dùng V.ing hay V.p2 Bước 3: Rút gọn mệnh đề Sau khi đã thực hiện xong hai bước trên, ta tiến hành rút gọn từ mệnh đề xuống cụm từ theo công thức tương ứng và chú ý dấu phẩy (,) nếu có. Chúng ta cùng quan sát và phân tích phương pháp làm bài qua hai ví dụ về rút gọn mệnh đề quan hệ dưới đây: Ví dụ 1: - The last student that was interviewed was Tom. Bước 1: Xác định mệnh đề quan hệ: phần được in nghiêng
17. The last student that was interviewed was Tom. Bước 2: Xét dạng mệnh đề quan hệ: Theo phân tích ở trên, phần mệnh đề quan hệ không có cấu trúc: Who/Which/That + BE + CỤM DANH TỪ/GIỚI TỪ do đó bỏ qua công thức 4, 5. Thay vào đó, ta thấy trước mệnh đề quan hệ có cụm từ the last student , do vậy ta sẽ áp dụng công thức 3 (Rút gọn về dạng To Infinitive hoặc To be + Vp2). Ở đây vì động từ trong mệnh đề quan hệ ở dạng bị động nên ta sẽ rút gọn về dạng nguyên thể bị động To be + Vp2. Sau khi bỏ đại từ quan hệ và chuyển đổi động từ ta sẽ được kết quả rút gọn là: “to be interviewed” Bước 3: Rút gọn mệnh đề: Sau khi thực hiện các bước trên, ta được đáp án hoàn chỉnh là: => The last student to be interviewed was Tom. Ví dụ 2: The floor is dusty but I haven't got a brush with which I can sweep it. The floor is dusty but I haven't got a brush with which I can sweep it. Bước 2: Xét dạng mệnh đề quan hệ: Tương tự theo phân tích ở trên, ta thấy mệnh đề quan hệ không có cấu trúc: Who/Which/That + BE + CỤM DANH TỪ/GIỚI TỪ do đó bỏ qua công thức 4 và 5. Đồng thời, trước mệnh đề quan hệ không có các cụm từ the last , the second, . Tuy nhiên trong mệnh đề quan hệ có động từ khuyết thiếu can và ở dạng chủ động do vậy ta sẽ áp dụng công thức 3.a (Rút gọn về dạng To Infinitive). Chủ ngữ của hai mệnh đề là I nên ta bỏ phần “for Sb”. Nhưng lưu ý thêm là trong câu này có giới từ with đứng trước đại từ quan hệ nên ta phải chuyển giới từ đó về cuối câu sau khi rút gọn. Bước 3: Rút gọn mệnh đề: Sau khi thực hiện các bước trên, ta được đáp án hoàn chỉnh là: => The floor is dusty but I haven't got a brush to sweep it with. B. RÚT GỌN MỆNH ĐỀ TRẠNG NGỮ Mệnh đề trạng ngữ hay còn gọi là mệnh đề trạng từ là mệnh đề nối nhau bằng các liên từ như when, because, although, Điều kiện quan trọng nhất để có thể rút gọn loại mệnh đề này là hai chủ ngữ của hai mệnh đề phải giống nhau - đều chỉ một đối tượng. Các loại mệnh đề trạng ngữ thường được rút gọn thành 4 dạng cơ bản là: dạng Hiện tại phân từ (Present Participle), dạng Quá khứ phân từ (Past Participle) và dạng Phân từ hoàn thành (Perfect Participle), cụm danh từ (Noun Phrase). Quy tắc chung khi rút gọn các loại mệnh đề trạng ngữ: (1) bỏ liên từ (hoặc chuyển về dạng giới từ: although chuyển thành despite hoặc in spite of; because chuyển thành 20 chuyên đề ngữ pháp nâng cao Tiếng Anh THCS và THPT 2018 because of, ); (2) nếu động từ ở dạng chủ động thì rút về dạng V.ing; (3) nếu động từ ở dạng bị động thì rút gọn về dạng (Being) Vp2 hoặc Not being + Vp2 tùy từng tình huống cụ thể. Chúng ta cùng nghiên cứu các nội dung liên quan đến vấn đề này ở bốn loại mệnh đề thường gặp như sau. 1. Rút gọn mệnh đề trạng ngữ chỉ thời gian (Adverbial Clauses of Time) Mệnh đề trạng ngữ chỉ thời gian thường bắt đầu bằng các liên từ: when, while, as, after, before, since, Ta rút gọn mệnh đề trạng ngữ chỉ thời gian khi muốn diễn tả một hành động đang diễn ra khi có một hành động khác xen vào. Ví dụ: - Walking down the street on Saturday, I saw Simon. (Phần đã được rút gọn trong ví dụ này: As/ When/ While I was ) Hoặc khi muốn diễn tả các hành động song song xảy ra cùng thời điểm. Ví dụ: - Raising their glasses, they wished Darren a happy birthday. - We sat in front of T.V, watching football. Hoặc khi muốn diễn tả một chuỗi các hành động xảy ra nối tiếp nhau trong khoảng thời gian rất ngắn.
18. Ví dụ: - Closing all the windows and the door carefully, she went to bed. - Seeing an accident ahead, I stopped my car. Ta cũng rút gọn về dạng Having + Vp2 nếu muốn nhấn mạnh hành động ở mệnh đề trạng ngữ diễn ra và kết thúc trước hành động ở mệnh đề chính. Ví dụ: - Having finished all my exercises, I went to bed. Having spent my money on a car, I couldn't afford a holiday. Having read the book the boy came out of the room Having studied for the exam, Mike went to play football. Một số ví dụ khác về rút gọn mệnh đề trạng ngữ chỉ thời gian: Having retired, he found himself with time on his hands. Before being shown around, we were welcomed by the principal. Wear protective gloves when using this equipment. After finishing his speech, he took a sip of water. On arriving, you will find someone waiting for you. While traveling to work, she usually reads a novel. She has been much happier since changing schools. Rút gọn mệnh đề trạng ngữ chỉ nguyên nhân, kết quả (Adverbial Clauses of Reason and Result) Mệnh đề trạng ngữ chỉ nguyên nhân, kết quả thường bắt đầu bằng các liên từ: because, since, as a result, Ví dụ: Not understanding Tom's question, I was unable to give him an answer. (= Because/ Since I didn't understand ) Having spent my money on a car, I couldn't afford a holiday. (= Because/ Since I had spent ) Not having had any breakfast, I was very hungry. She became a local celebrity as a result of having appeared once on television. Having taken the wrong train, I found myself in Bath, not Bristol. (= Because I had taken the wrong train, I found myself in Bath, ) 20 chuyên đề ngữ pháp nâng cao Tiếng Anh THCS và THPT 2018 Rút gọn mệnh đề trạng ngữ chỉ sự tương phản (Adverbial Clauses of Concession) Mệnh đề trạng ngữ chỉ sự tương phản thường bắt đầu bằng các liên từ: although, though, even though, much as, , khi rút gọn các liên từ này thưòng được thay thế bằng các giới từ: in spite of, despite, regardless of, Ví dụ: - We intend to go though we had been advised against it. => We intend to go despite having been advised against it. Although he worked hard, he could not earn any money. => In spite of working hard, he could not earn any money. Rút gọn mệnh đề điều kiện (Conditional Clauses) Mệnh đề điều kiện là mệnh đề dùng để diễn tả điều kiện của một hành động, một sự việc nếu được đáp ứng. Mệnh đề điều kiện thường bắt đầu bằng liên từ If. Hãy quan sát các ví dụ sau đây: - Used sparingly, this face cream should last you until Christmas. (If it is used sparingly, this face cream should last you until Christmas) Washed at the wrong temperature, clothes can shrink (If they are washed at the wrong temperature, clothes can shrink) Without wearing your glasses, you cannot see anything. (If you don’t wear your glasses, you cannot see anything.) But for your help, we would not have finished this project.
19. (If you hadn’t helped us, we would not have finished this project.) *. MỘT SỐ ĐIỂM CẦN LƯU Ý KHI RÚT GỌN MỆNH ĐỀ TRẠNG NGỮ - Các cấp độ rút gọn Việc rút gọn mệnh đề có thể diễn ra ở nhiều mức (cấp độ) khác nhau tùy vào loại mệnh đề, từng liên từ, và tùy vào từng tình huống. Hãy quan sát hai ví dụ dưới đây. Ví dụ 1: Hãy tìm một lỗi sai trong các phần được gạch chân trong câu sau đây và sửa lại cho đúng để câu trở nên hoàn chỉnh: A child of noble birth, his name was famous among the children in that school. (Đề tuyển sinh đại học năm 2008) Để làm được câu này ta cần hiểu rõ cụm danh từ đầu câu chính là dạng rút gọn từ mệnh đề trạng từ. Câu gốc lúc chưa rút gọn : As he was a child of noble birth, his name was famous among the children in that school. Rút gọn cấp độ 1: => As being a child of noble birth, ( bỏ chủ từ, động từ thêm ING ) Rút gọn cấp độ 2: => As a child of noble birth, (bỏ luôn động từ “to be” vì mang nghĩa "là") Rút gọn cấp độ 3: => A child of noble birth, (bỏ luôn cả liên từ) Hiểu được tới đây rồi cũng chưa làm được bài mà phải thuộc lòng nguyên tắc khi rút gọn: chủ ngữ 2 mệnh đề phải giống nhau Rõ ràng sau khi "phục hồi" lại câu gốc lúc chưa rút gọn ta sẽ thấy chủ từ 2 mệnh đề khác nhau: => As he was a child of noble birth, his name was famous Do đó ta phải sửa một trong hai chủ ngữ đó, mà người ta chỉ gạch chủ ngữ mệnh đề sau nên ta chọn, his name và sửa thành he. Ví dụ 2: Rút gọn mệnh đề trạng ngữ trong câu sau đây: - When he was attacked by a big dog, he ran away. 20 chuyên đề ngữ pháp nâng cao Tiếng Anh THCS và THPT 2018 Cấp độ 1: bỏ chủ ngữ => When being attcked by a big dog, he ran away. Cấp độ 2: bỏ chủ ngữ và to be => When attacked by a big dog, he ran away. Cấp độ 3: bỏ chủ ngữ, bỏ to be và cả liên từ => Attacked by a big dog, he ran away. 2)- Chủ ngữ của hai mệnh đề Nếu chủ ngữ của hai mệnh đề khác nhau, phải giữ nguyên chủ ngữ (nếu chủ ngữ là danh từ hoặc cụm danh từ) hoặc chuyển thành dạng đại từ tân ngữ hoặc tính từ sở hữu (đối với chủ ngữ là đại từ), trường hợp này thường áp dụng đối với mệnh đề nguyên nhân và mệnh đề nhượng bộ. Hãy quan sát 2 ví dụ dưới đây: Ví dụ 1: Hãy chia động từ trong ngoặc để hoàn thành câu dưới đây: The weather (be) perfect, we decided to go for a swim. Phân tích kỹ ta có thể thấy rằng vế đầu là dạng rút gọn của mệnh đề trạng ngữ chỉ nguyên nhân. Câu gốc chưa rút gọn sẽ là: Because the weather was perfect, we decided to go for a swim. Rút gọn cấp độ 1: chuyển liên từ because thành giới từ because of, chuyển to be thành dạng V.ing, ta có: => Because of the weather being perfect, we decided to go for a swim. Rút gọn cấp độ 2: bỏ liên từ because, chuyển “to be” thành dạng V.ing, vì hai chủ ngữ khác nhau nên không thể bỏ đi được. Kết quả sẽ là: => The weather being perfect, we decided to go for a swim. Ví dụ 2: Rút gọn mệnh đề nguyên nhân trong câu sau: Because she is old, she retires.
20. Đối với câu này, ta có thể rút gọn như sau: Cấp độ 1: Chuyển liên từ because thành giới từ because of, chuyển she thành her và chuyển to be về dạng V.ing, ta có: => Because of her being old, she retires. Cấp độ 2: Chuyển liên từ because thành giới từ because of, bỏ chủ ngữ she và chuyển to be về dạng V.ing, ta có: => Because of being old, she retires. Cấp độ 3: Bỏ liên từ because, bỏ chủ ngữ she và chuyển to be về dạng V.ing, ta có: => Being old, she retires. Lưu ý: Một cách khác rất phổ biến khi viết lại câu này là chuyển tính từ old thành danh từ age đứng sau tính từ sở hữu her và đặt sau giới từ because of: => Because of her age, she retires. C. MỘT SỐ DẠNG RÚT GỌN KHÁC Bên trên là các mẫu rút gọn thông dụng mà ta thường gặp trong chương trình học phổ thông. Ngoài ra ta còn gặp một số dạng đặc biệt khác nữa mà ta thường không hay để ý, đôi khi không hiểu nó được rút gọn thế nào, từ đâu. Hãy quan sát các trường hợp sau. 1. Hoán đổi mệnh đề khi rút gọn. Theo nguyên tắc chung thì khi rút gọn mệnh đề quan hệ sẽ giữ nguyên vị trí, tuy nhiên mẫu này lại ngoại lệ. Ta cùng xem ví dụ để hiểu luôn cách dùng. - She, who had not seen me since 1990, couldn't regconize me at first => She couldn't regconize me at first, not having seen me since 1990. Hoặc: => Not having seen me since 1990, she couldn't regconize me at first. 20 chuyên đề ngữ pháp nâng cao Tiếng Anh THCS và THPT 2018 2. Dùng các giới từ để thay thế động từ trong mệnh đề. Trong một số trường hợp, ta có thể dùng các giới từ WITH, WITHOUT, IN, OF để thay thế cho động từ trong mệnh đề. a. Dùng WITH, WITHOUT Hai giới từ này dùng trong các mệnh đề quan hệ mô tả bộ phận thân thể, một số câu có động từ HAVE (có), CARRY hoặc THERE BE (có). Ví dụ: A girl who had big eyes helped me. => A girl with big eyes helped me. A robber who was carrying a gun threatened to shoot them. => A robber with a gun threatened to shoot them. The pot in which there is no food is thrown away by him. => The pot without food in it is thrown away by him. Dùng IN: Khi mệnh đề quan hệ diễn tả trang phục trên người như quần áo, mũ, giày dép, Ví dụ: The woman who is wearing a red dress is my aunt. => The woman in a red dress is my aunt. The man who is wearing dark glasses lives next door. => The man in dark glasses lives next door. Dùng OF: Thường khi nói về năng lực, tuổi tác Ví dụ: - A man who was 90 years old saved the children. => A man of 90 years old saved the children. (hoặc: A 90-year old man saved the children.) Một số dạng rút gọn đặc biệt khác a. Rút gọn “đại từ + to be” Ví dụ: - I'll go if (it is) necessary.
21. - If ( it is) not well managed, irrigation can be harmful - She worked extremely hard though (she was) still rather poor in health. - We'll send an engineer over to meet you as soon as (it is) possible. - Unless (I am) compelled to stay in by bad weather, I go for a walk every day. - Though (he was ) very tired, he did not give up. - Once ( it is) seen, the picture can never be forgotten. - (It's) all right. - (I am) sorry I'm late. - (When one is) out of sight, (one is) out of mind. b. Rút gọn “to be” Ví dụ: - In our country everybody is an ordinary worker no matter what his position (is). - She pledged to complete her father's unfinished task, whatever the task (is). - I refuse, however favorable the conditions (are), to work there c. Rút gọn động từ Ví dụ: - You could have come and (you could have) told me - Jean hasn't been told, but I have (been told). - John has written a poem and Bob (has written) a short stor 20 chuyên đề ngữ pháp nâng cao Tiếng Anh THCS và THPT 2018 d. Lược bỏ bổ ngữ Ví dụ: - I am tired. Are you? (= Are you tired?) Is this your pen? - Yes, it is. (= It is my pen) e. Lược bỏ tân ngữ Tell me the truth! - Yes, but I will tell you (the truth) this evening. f. Lược bỏ mệnh đề Ví dụ: - She is more beautiful than I thought (she was) It's cold in December in England, but (it's cold) in July in New Zealand PHẦN B - BÀI TẬP ỨNG DỤNG EXERCISE 1: Choose the best answer to complete the following sentences 1) ___, I saw an old friend of mine. a. While I walking home from work b. While walking home from work c. While walked home from work d. While walking home work 2) ___, I brushed my teech. a. Before I leave my house b. Before I leaving my house c. Before leaving my house d. Before my house I leaving 3) I fell asleep___. a. while I watch TV b. while watching TV c. while watched TV d. during I was watching TV ___, a mild earthquake shook the classroom. a. While the teacher lecturing about adverb clauses b. While the teacher was lecturing about adverb clauses c. While lecturing about adverb clauses d. While lectured about adverb clauses ___, a dog chased us down the street. a. While running b. While we were running c. We were running while d. While running we were ___, Vanessa has made many friends. a. Since coming back to her home village b. Since come back to her home village c. Since she coming back to her home village d. Since comes back to her home village
22. ___, we saw many deer. a. While we hiking through the woods yesterday b. While hiking through the woods yesterday c. During hiking through the woods yesterday d. Hike through the woods yesterday ___, she was not hired for the job. a. Lacked the necessary qualifications b. When lacking the necessary qualifications c. Lacking the necessary qualifications d. Because lacking the necessary qualifications ___, Martha was watching her favorite TV program. a. While Dave talking to his friend b. While Dave was talked to his friend c. While Dave was talking to his friend d. Dave was talking to his friend
23. ___, I need to finish all of m business dealing with my clients. a. Before leaving for Ha Noi to visit my brother and his family b. Before leaving for Ha Noi visiting my brother and his family c. Before left for Ha Noi to visit my brother and his family d. Before I leaving for Ha Noi to visit my brother and his family ___, Tracy discovered a new type of virus. a. While worked on the computer b. While she working on the computer c.Working on the computer while she d. While working on the computer 12) ___, Hans has been offered a job as a finance manager of a company in Berlin. a. Since he finishing his MBA studies b. Since finishing his MBA studies c. Since finished his MBA studies d. Since he finish his MBA studies 13) Lee always watches TV___. a. after finished his homework b. after he finished his homework c. after finishing his homework d. after he finishing his homework 14) ___, she took the bus to school every morning. a. Because unable to buy a bicycle b. Because to be unable to buy a bicycle c. Because to unable buy a bicycle d. Because she unable to buy a bicycle 15) ___, I discovered that my stereo had been stolen. a. On that looking into my car b. When I look into my car c. Looking into my car when I d. On looking into my car 16) We should participate in the movements ___ the natural environment. a. organizing to conserve b. organized conserving c. which organize to conserve d. organized to conserve Rubber ___ from vulcanized silicones with a high molecular weight is difficult to distinguish from natural rubber. a. is produced b. producing c. that produces d. produced 18) Florida, ___ the Sunshine State, attracts many tourists every year. a. is b. known as c. is known as d. that is known as While ___ to help Tim with his math, I got impatient because he wouldn’t pay attention to what I was saying. a. I am trying b. having tried c. I try d. trying 20) Lightweight luggage enables you to manage easily even when fully ___. a. loaded b. crowded c. carried d. packed 21) It is necessary to be careful ___your career. a. when choosing b. when you will choose c. when you have chosen d. when you chose 22) ___ he was sick, he still turned up for his guitar lesson. a. Because b. Since c. Although d. Despite 23) ___I love you, I cannot let you have any more money. a. Much as b. Whether c. Also d. However 24) After he ___work, he went straight home. a. had finished b. had been finishing c. has finished d. would finish , the Americans are more concerned with physical attractiveness. a. The choice of a wife or a husband b. When choosing a wife or a husband c. However a wife or a husband d. Because of a wife or a husband 26) ___ to the national park before, Sue was amazed to see the geyser. a. Have not been b. Having not been c. Not having been d. Being not 20 chuyên đề ngữ pháp nâng cao Tiếng Anh THCS và THPT 2018 27) ___ of the shop, my friend came in a. On coming out b. When coming out c. Coming out d. As I came out 28) We should participate in the movements ___ the natural environment. a. organizing to conserve b. organized conserving c. organized to conserve d. which organize to conserve 29) On ___ he had won, he jumped for joy.
24. a. telling b. having told c. he has told d. being told ___ increases in population in underdeveloped countries, a lot of problems arise including health care and social evils. a. In spite of b. Instead of c. Despite d. Due to EXERCISE 2: Choose the underlined part that needs correction so that the sentence becomes correct. The man to speak to me is John’s brother. He is the second person be killed in that way. ABCD 3) They work in a hospital sponsoring by the government. ABCD A person serves in a shop is called a shop assistant. ABCD 5) A dam is wall building across river to shop the river’s flow and collect the water. ABCD 6). A paragraph is a portion of a text consist of one or more sentences related to A B C D the same idea. 7) Found in the 12th century, Oxford University ranks among the world’s oldest A B C universities. D 8) Having worked hard during the summer, his result was very successful in the ABC entrance examination D Entered the room, he discovered that he had lost his wallet while shopping in A B C D the city center. 10) Having not been to New York before, Susan found the city so attractive. ABCD EXERCISE 3: Give the correct form of the verbs in brackets (Feel) hungry, he went into the kitchen and opened the fridge. (Whistle) . to himself, he walked down the road. In spite of (miss) the train , we arrived on time. They found the money . (lye) on the ground. He was trapped in a (burn) house. She admitted (kill) her husband. I reget (write) her that letter. I enjoy (play) tennis with my friends. 20 chuyên đề ngữ pháp nâng cao Tiếng Anh THCS và THPT 2018 (Tell) me that she would never speak to me again, she picked up her stuff and stormed out of the house. - Will you enter for the next eloquence contest? (Win) twice , I don’t want to try again. EXERCISE 4: Reduce the following relative clauses The boy who is playing the piano is Ben. Animals that are born in a zoo generally adjust to captivity better than those that are captured in the wild. The fence which surrounds our house is made of wood. We have an apartment which overlooks the park. The ideas which are presented in that book are interesting.
25. Few tourists ever see a jaguar, which is a spotted wild cat that is native to tropical America. They work in a hospital which was sponsored by the government. John was the last man who reached the top of the mountain. The first person that we must see is Mr. Smith. This is the second person who was killed in that way. The last person who leaves the room must turn off the lights. The first person who catches the ball will be the winner. The man who is in the house is my father. The books that are on the desk are mine. We had a river in which we could swim. Here are some accounts that you must check. The mistakes which you have to correct are very important. We visited Hanoi, which is the capital of Viet Nam. My father, who is a pilot, often goes abroad. I was awakened by the sound of a laughter which came from the room which was next to mine. The man who is standing behind that counter can give you more information. Luggage which is left unattended will be taken away by the police. Who’s that pretty woman who is speaking to the teacher? Letters which are posted before twelve noon will usually be delivered by the next day. Are those your clothes that are hanging over the balcony? The man who was accused of stealing the money refused to answer the police’s enquiries. The nurse who is looking after my grandmother is very kind to her. All the rubbish that is floating in this canal is a real danger to health. Ham which is made in the traditional way costs more, but tastes better. Pauline has a very strange painting of a woman who is holding a small dog. EXERCISE 5: Rewrite the following sentences using a Perfect Participle phrase to reduce the italic part as following. E.g. - We switched off the lights before we went to bed. -> Having switched off the lights, we went to bed. The boy asked his mother’s permission and then went out to play. As he had drunk too much, he didn’t drive home himself. We have done two tests today, so we are exhausted. She filled the washing machine and switched it on. She had been to disco the night before and she overslept in the morning. We had worked in the garden all day and were sunburned in the evening. She had not slept for two days and therefore she wasn’t able to concentrate Since I had not seen him for ages, I didn’t recognize him. I had not ridden a horse for a long time and I found it very difficult to keep in the saddle. Zoe had practiced a lot, so she was sure of her winning in the competition. EXERCISE 6: Rewrite the following sentences so that the meaning stays the same as the given one. Entering the room, I was surprised at what I saw. -> When The volunteers couldn’t mow the old lady’s lawns because of the rain. -> The rain prevented David did his homework and then went to bed. -> After having I told him off. Then I realized I was wrong. -> After
26. I worked very hard for the exam. Then I passed it. -> Before . First I considered what to study. Then I decided to major in Maths. - > After She wrote a letter. Then she went to bed. -> After She went out for a walk. Then she had a fatal accident. -> Before She decided to go away. First she faced the matter. - > After . We read the book, then we wrote the assignment. - > Before EXERCISE 7: Reduce the relative clause in the following sentences 1) I've just bought a house which has five storeys. 2) Have you ever seen a cow which has six legs? 3) The girl who is ten years old is my sister. 4) Give me the note which costs ten dollars. 5) Vietnamese students have a summer holiday which lasts 3 months . 6) We have two breaks which last 30 minutes. 7) That is a car which has three wheels. 8) The man who has one leg looks at me angrily. 9) The snake which has two heads is not found. 10) Mikoon is a monster which has 6 heads. EXERCISE 8: Combine the following pairs of sentences using a Compound Adjective. 1) I live in a house. It has 8 doors. 2) My house is very nice .It has 5 storeys. 3) I like my friend's cell phone . It has two numbers. 4) The fans are very interesting .They have 3 speeds. 5) Do you want to take part in the trip ? It will last 5 days. 6) With a capacity of 10 horse power , this machine is good for you work shop.
27. I have just attended a wedding . There were 30 tables in this wedding. I buy a house .It has 11 rooms. EX 9: Advanced Practice: REWRITE THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES As there are no more questions, I think we can end the meeting. => There It was a nice party when you take everything into consideration. => All things Julia won’t speak to the boy first as she is too shy. => Being Mother left the room rather quickly because she didn’t want to wake us up. => Not If the weather is fine, we may go camping at the weekend. (permitting) Having replaced the flat lyre with a new one, we went on driving to the countryside. => After we Bob feels uneasy whenever he has to dine with his superiors. => Having to When we came back home we realized it had been broken into. => On After I had introduced my guests to each other I made a long speech on the current changes in the computer technologies. => Having Jane was the first girl who joined our association. (to) => Jane A train leaves at 8 o’clock every morning. => There is The town centre features an old hospital, imaginatively converted into flats. (been) => A person who serves in a shop is called a shop assistant. => The person
28. ĐÁP ÁN GỢI Ý PHẦN BÀI TẬP ỨNG DỤNG EXERCISE 1: 1. b 2. c 3. b 4. b 5. b 6. a 7. b 8. c 9. c 10. a 11. d 12. b 13. c 14. a 15. d 16. d 17. d 18. b 19. d 20. d 21. a 22. c 23. a 24. a 25. b 26. c 27. d 28. c 29. d 30. d EXERCISE 2: 1. B 2. B 3. C 4. A 5. A 6. B 7. A 8. C 9. A 10. A EXERCISE 3: 1. Feeling 6. killing/having killed 2. Whistling 7. writing 3. missing/having missed 8. playing 4. lying 9. Telling 5. burning 10. Having won/Winning EXERCISE 4: The boy playing the piano is Ben. Animals born in a zoo generally adjust to captivity better than those captured in the wild. The fence surrounding our house is made of wood. We have an apartment overlooking the park. The ideas presented in that book are interesting. Few tourists ever see a jaguar, a spotted wild cat that is native to tropical America. They work in a hospital sponsored by the government. John was the last man to reach the top of the mountain. The first person for us to see is Mr. Smith. This is the second person to be killed in that way. The last person to leave the room must turn off the lights The first person to catch the ball will be the winner. The man in the house is my father. The books on the desk are mine. We had a river to swim in. Here are some accounts for you to check. The mistakes for you to check are very important. We visited Hanoi, the capital of Vietnam. My father, a pilot, often goes abroad. I was awakened by the sound of a laughter coming from the room next to mine. The man standing behind that counter can give you more information. Luggage left unattended will be taken away by the police. Who’s that pretty woman speaking to the teacher? Letters posted before twelve noon will usually be delivered by the next day. Are those your clothes hanging over the balcony? The man accused of stealing the money refused to answer the police’s enquiries The nurse looking after my grandmother is very kind to her. All the rubbish floating in this canal is a real danger to health. Ham made in the traditional way costs more, but tastes better. Pauline has a very stange painting of a woman holding a small dog. EXERCISE 5: Having asked his mother’s permission, the boy went out to play. Having drunk too much, he didn’t drive home himself. Having done two tests today, we are exhausted. Having filled the washing machine, she switched it on. Having been to disco the night before, she overslept in the morning.
29. Having worked in the garden all day, we were sunburned in the evening. Not having slept for two days, she wasn’t able to concentrate. Not having seen him for ages, I didn’t recognize him. Hot having ridden a horse for a long time, I found it very difficult to keep in the saddle. Having practiced a lot, Zoe was sure of her winning the competition. When I entered the room, I was surprised at what I saw. The rain prevented the volunteers from mowing the old lady’s lawns. After having done his homework, David went to bed. After telling/having told him off, I realized I was wrong. Before passing the exam, I (had) worked very hard for it. After considering/having considered what to study, I decided to major in Maths. After writing/having written a letter, she went to bed. Before having a fatal accident, she went out for a walk. After facing/ having faced the matter, she decided to go away. Before writing/ having written the assignment, we read the book. EXERCISE 7: I've just bought a five- storey house . Have you ever seen a six-leg cow? The ten- yea-old girl is my sister. Give me the ten- dollar note. Vietnamese students have a three- month summer holiday. We have two thirty- minute breaks. That is a three- wheel car. The one-leg man looks at me angrily. The two- head snake is not found . Mikoon is a six-head monster. EXERCISE 8: I live in an 8- door house. My 5- storey house is very nice. I like my friend's two- number cell phone. The three-speed fans are very interesting. Do you want to take part in the five- day trip? This ten- horse -power machine is good for you work shop. I have just attended a thirty- table wedding. I buy an eleven-room house. EXERCISE 9:Advanced Practice As there are no more questions, I think we can end the meeting. => There (There being no more questions, I think we can end the meeting.) It was a nice party when you take everything into consideration => All things (All things considered, it was a nice party.) 3. Julia won’t speak to the boy first as she is too shy. => Being (Being too shy, Julia won’t speak to the boy first.) Mother left the room rather quickly because she didn’t want to wake us up. => Not (Not wanting to wake us up, mother left the room rather quickly.) If the weather is fine, we may go camping at the weekend. (permitting) (Weather permitting, we may go camping at the weekend.) Having replaced the flat lyre with a new one, we went on driving to the countryside. => After we
30. (After we (had) replaced the flat tyre with a new one, we went on driving to the countryside.) Bob feels uneasy whenever he has to dine with his superiors. => Having to (Having to dine with his superiors always makes Bob feel uneasy.) When we came back home we realized it had been broken into. => On (On coming back home, we realized it had been broken into.) After I had introduced my guests to each other I made a long speech on the current changes in the computer technologies. => Having (Having introduced my guests to each other, I made a long speech on the current changes in the computer technologies.) Jane was the first girl who joined our association. (to) => Jane (Jane was the first girl to join/ to have joined our association.) 11. A train leaves at 8 o’clock every morning. => There is (There is a train leaving at 8 o’clock every morning.) (DHDL Dong Do – Khoi D 97- 98, P.66) The town centre features an old hospital, imaginatively converted into flats. (been) => (The town centre features an old hospital, which has been imaginatively been converted into flats.) (BD HSG TA 11 – P.155) A person who serves in a shop is called a shop assistant. => The person (serving in a shop is called a shop assistant.) CHUYÊN ĐỀ 3: BỒI DƯỠNG KIẾN THỨC NÂNG CAO VỀ CÁC DẠNG BỊ ĐỘNG I. OVERVIEW (KHÁI QUÁT) I.1. Form of The Passive: BE(tense or form) + Vp2 *. Trong công thức trên BE được chia ở thì hoặc dạng thích hợp. Vp2 là hình thức qkpt của ngoại động từ (V buộc phải có O mới đầy đủ ý nghĩa) E.g. - A small sum of money was stolen from the cash box. They ought to have been punished more severely. (Lẽ ra họ nên bị phạt nghiêm khắc hơn) Having been beaten in the semi-final, she flew home the next day. (Sau khi bị đánh bại trong , ) *. Trong văn nói, đôi khi GET có thể được dùng thay cho BE trong câu bị động E.g. They got told off for making so much noise. *. Tuy nhiên, GET + -ED thường được sử dụng hơn với nghĩa chủ động: get dressed (ăn mặc đẹp, ăn diện), get married (kết hôn, lập gia đình) I.2. Reasons For Using The Passive Nhấn mạnh: Trong T.A, chủ đề/ chủ ngữ thường đứng đầu câu, thông tin mới về chủ ngữ thường ở cuối. Trong một câu chủ động tác nhân (agent - người/vật thực hiện hành động) thường đứng đầu và làm S trong câu: E.g. Olympiakos scored the first goal. (Câu này chủ yếu nói về Olympiakos hơn là nói về việc ghi bàn thắng) Trong câu BĐ, kết quả hay đối tượng chịu tác động của hành động đứng đầu câu và làm S:
31. England have been beaten by Germany in a penalty shoot-out. (Báo chí Anh sẽ dùng câu này khi viết) => Germany have beated England in a penalty shoot-out. (Báo chí Đức sẽ dùng câu này khi viết) Tác nhân thực hiện hành động không rõ, không quan trọng, chung chung: không dùng By + O E.g. - I was born in 1982. Coffee will be made available after the meal. *. Chú ý: Không phải tất cả các dạng BE + Vp2 cũng đều là Bị động. Vp2 có thể là tính từ He is interested in cinema industry. Cấu trúc bị động có dạng: Be + Being + Vp2 hay Been + Being + Vp2 thường không được sử dụng, đặc biệt trong văn viết. (Đó là lý do tại sao các thì hoàn thành tiếp diễn ít khi được dùng trong câu bị động) E.g. - Tránh dùng: The road will have been being repaired for months. mà nên dùng: Chỉ ngoại động từ (V buộc phải có tân ngữ) mới đượcdùng trong cấu trúc BĐ, các nội động từ (V không có tân ngữ - bản thân chúng đã đầy đủ ý nghĩa: run, walk, die, sleep, cry, ) không được dùng trong câu BĐ: E.g. Ta không nói: The tiger was died out early this century. mà nói: The tiger died out early this century. Tài liệu chuyên sâu bồi dưỡng học sinh giỏi Tiếng Anh 32
32. 20 chuyên đề ngữ pháp nâng cao Tiếng Anh THCS và THPT 2018 Notes: Quy tắc chuyển câu từ chủ động sang bị động QT1: Xác định chính xác chủ ngữ, động từ, tân ngữ và thì của câu chủ động QT2: Chuyển tân ngữ của câu CĐ thành chủ ngữ câu BĐ, chủ ngữ câu CĐ thành tân ngữ trong câu BĐ đặt sau “BY” (By + O đứng sau trạng từ chỉ nơi chốn và trước trạng từ thời gian nếu có) QT3: Thêm To Be (phù hợp với thì/ cấu trúc của động từ trong câu chủ động) và chuyển V chính sang dạng Vp2 E.g. She arranges the books on the shelves every weekend. => The books are arranged on the shelves (by her) every weekend. II. INFINITIVES AND –ING FORM PASSIVES I.1. Infinitives Passives: To BE + Vp2/ To Have been + Vp2 E.g. - There’s so much to do. => There’s so much to be done. - I’ve to write this essay before Friday. => This essay has to be written before Friday. I’m going to do it by then. => It’s going to be done by then. The children would prefer history to be taught in a more practical way. People say that Columbus found America in 1942. => America is said to have been found in 1942. My new car was to have been delivered today but there was a problem with the paintwork. (Be + to V: dự định, phải) They wanted you to tell me story again.=> They wanted the story to be told again. It is embarrassing to be watched by lotf of people At home. I want these dishes to have been washed when I come back. I.2. Make/See/Hear/Help Sb + do St => To BE + Made/Seen/Heard/Help + to do St E.g - I heard him shout at his brother. => He was heard to shout at his brother. They’ve made him promise not to come before 6. => He’s been made to promise not to come before 6. I.3. Let/Allow: Let Sb do St => Sb + be + allowed to do St E.g. My parents let me do what I wanted. =>I was allowed to do what I wanted. (không dùng was let to do ) I.4. Passive –ING Forms: Being + Vp2/ Having Been + Vp2 Dạng BĐ với ĐDT (Being + Vp2) và ĐDT Hoàn thành (Having Been + Vp2) thường được sử dụng dụng sau các V, cấu trúc theo sau bởi V.ing hoặc trong mđ rút gọn với nghĩa VÌ/ KHI/SAU KHI E.g. - I love being given flowers. She recalled having been taken there when she was young. Avoid being disturbed, she works in a quite room. That company tried to prevent the book from being published. I am annoyed at having been made fun of. She forgot having been given a big sum of money that day. Being paid monthly, I find annual bills hard to pay. (Vì được trả từng tháng, tôi thấy các hóa đơn theo năm rất khó thanh toán) Having been stung by bees, she has no love of insects. (Sau khi bị ong cắn, cô ấy không còn thích côn trùng nữa ) III. STRUCTURES WITH GET AND HAVE (CÁC CẤU TRÚC VỚI GET, HAVE) I.1. Causatives (Thể truyền khiến): Ta có thể dùng GET và HAVE ở cả cấu trúc chủ động và bị động. Tài liệu chuyên sâu bồi dưỡng học sinh giỏi Tiếng Anh 33
33. 20 chuyên đề ngữ pháp nâng cao Tiếng Anh THCS và THPT 2018 Cấu trúc chủ động có nghĩa là GÂY RA/ RA LỆNH CHO AI LÀM GÌ và có dạng:  GET Sb to do St HAVE Sb do St  E.g. - I’ll get the waiter to bring you the manu I’ll have the waiter bring you the many. Cấu trúc bị động có nghĩa là THU XẾP ĐỂ CHO/NHỜ AI LÀM GÌ và có dạng: I had to get/have my jacket cleaned after the party. I must go and get/have my photo taken for my new passport. I’ll get/have those copies made for you immediately. She’s getting/having her teeth fixed. Đôi khi ta có thể dung GET thay cho BE trong câu bị động trong văn phong thân mật E.g. - They got punished by the Principal for making so much noise. (Họ bị thầy Hiệu trưởng phạt vì làm ồn) Lucky Paul got promoted/elected/chosen/appointed yesterday. (Lucky Paul được thăng chức/ lựa chọn/ bổ nhiệm hôm qua.) Poor Vassili – His dog got run over last night. (Tội nghiệp Vassili – Con chó của cậu ta bị xe cán tối qua) GET + Vp2 có thể có nghĩa chủ động trong một số cụm từ: get dressed (ăn mặc đẹp), get married, get used to, get involved (dính líu) I have to get the children dressed early every morning. (Tôi phải mặc quần áo cho bọn trẻ ) Don’t get your family involved in the business. (Đừng để gđ bạn dính líu vào việc này) I.3. Things that happen to you (Những điều xảy đến với bạn) Ta sử dụng cấu trúc HAVE St done để miêu tả những gì xảy ra với chúng ta, thường là những điều không may. Chủ ngữ là người trải nghiệm những gì xảy ra. E.g. - I’ve had my car stolen. (= My car was stolen: Tôi bị mất xe.) He’s had his application for citizenship turned down. (= His application for citizenship has been turned down: Đơn xin nhập quốc tịch của anh ta đã bị từ chối.) My mother has had her letter published in the Times. (= My mother’s letter has been published in the Times: Thư của mẹ tôi đã được đưa lên tờ THỜI BÁO.) Trong văn nói đôi khi ta có thể dùng GET thay cho HAVE: E.g. - She’s got another letter published in The Times. IV. PHRASAL VERBS/ VERB + PREPOSITION (cụm động từ; động từ + giới từ) Cụm động từ là những động từ luôn theo sau bởi 1 trạng từ, 1 giới từ hay 1 trạng từ và 1 giới từ: run over (chận, cán, đè, chạy qua), come into (thừa hưởng), put up with (chịu đựng), E.g. - My friend’s cat was run over by an ambulance. I came into the money when my father died. You’ll have to put up with them for a little longer. Cụm động từ có thể là ngoại động từ (phải có Tân ngữ mới đầy đủ ý nghĩa) hoặc nội động từ (không cần O) E.g. - When you get to the next crossroads, turn off. (Khi bạn đến ngã tư tới, hãy rẽ đường khác - nội V) - Would you turn off the radio, please? (Bạn vui long tắt đài đi được không? - ngoại V) Tài liệu chuyên sâu bồi dưỡng học sinh giỏi Tiếng Anh 34
34. 20 chuyên đề ngữ pháp nâng cao Tiếng Anh THCS và THPT 2018 V. SPECIAL STRUCTURES (CÁC CẤU TRÚC ĐẶC BIỆT) 1. Verbs with 2 Objects: bring, buy, give, offer, teach, send, sell, tell E.g. I gave Tom the notes. => Tom was given the notes. / The notes were given to Tom “To” thường đứng sau các V: bring, hand, give, offer, pass, pay, sell, send, teach, tell, “For” thường đi sau: buy, make, cook, E.g. - She cooked this soup for her daughter. => This soup was cooked for her daughter. The letter was sent to my best friend. => My friend was sent the letter. By/ With? By O: giới thiệu tác nhân thực hiện hành động With + N: giới thiệu công cụ thực hiện E.g. - He was attacked by a strange man. / He was attacked with a sharp knive. 3. Need + V.ing = Need + to be Vp2: Cần được E.g. - I need to cut my hair = My hairs needs cutting/ My hair needs to be cut. Verbs of Ideas: acknowledge, believe, claim, consider, estimate, expect, prove, report, say, think, S + V + that clause => It + be + V2 + that clause/ S’ + be + Vp2 + to Infinitive E.g. People said that she was nice to her friends. => It was said that she was nice to her friends. => She was said to be nice to her friends. Phương pháp chuyển sang dạng: It + be + Vp2 + that clause: Đặt It làm S giả, Chia V tường thuật (say, think, ) ở thể bị động tương ứng với thì câu gốc rồi viết lại mđ “that” Phương pháp chuyển sang dạng: S’ + be + Vp2 + To Infinitive: Lấy S mđ sau làm S’, Chia V tường thuật (say, think, ) ở thể bị động tương ứng với thì câu gốc, chuyển V ở mđ sau thành To Infinitive và viết lại phía sau V đó. *. Chú ý khi dùng phương pháp 2: Nếu V2 xảy ra trước V1 thì cần đưa V2 về dạng nguyên thể hoàn thành (to have Vp2) E.g. They believe he killed his wife. => He is believed to have killed his wife. They thought that Mary had gone away. Mary was thought to have gone away. Khi V2 ở thì tiếp diễn: They thought that he was cleaning the house. => He was thought to be cleaning the house. 5. Passive Voice With Imperatives (Bị động với câu mệnh lệnh) E.g. Write your name on the board! => Let your name be written on the board. Phương pháp làm bài: Thêm Let (câu mlkđ) /Don’t Let (câu mlpđ) vào đầu câu, đặt O câu chủ động sau Let, thêm Be (không chia) sau O, chuyển V thành Vp2, rồi viết các phần còn lại (nếu có). 6. Other Structures *. It is Sb’s duty to do St => Sb + be + supposed to do St E.g. It is your duty to do this homework. => You are supposed to do this homework. *. It is impossible to do St => St can’t be done. E.g. It is impossible to repair this computer. => This computer can’t be repaired. *. S + recommend/suggest + V.ing + O => S + recommend/suggest + that + S + (should) be + Vp2. E.g. They recommend building a house. => They recommend that a house (should) be built. *. No one/ Nobody, Nothing, Ex: - No one can answer this question. (P) This question can’t be answered. - (A) They haven’t done anything. Nothing has been done. Tài liệu chuyên sâu bồi dưỡng học sinh giỏi Tiếng Anh 35
35. 20 chuyên đề ngữ pháp nâng cao Tiếng Anh THCS và THPT 2018 ACTIVE AND PASSIVE TRANSFORMATION (1) Passive Structures I. Aims To understand some Unreal structures after like Would rather, Would sooner and Would prefer and do sentence related transformation exercises. II. Teaching Aids Handouts III. Procedure T. presents the following contents item by item, eliciting examples, Basic Form of The Passive: BE(tense or form) + V(p2) 1. Be(tense) + V(p2) Tenses in the Passive Voice: Present Simple, Past Simple, Present Continuous, Past Continuous, Present Perfect, Past Perfect, Simple Future, Future Perfect, Modal Verbs, Perfect Modal Verbs, Near Future E.g. - I’d rather/ I’d s 1. ‘New World’ Advertising is considering your application. is => Your application . ’New World’ Advertising. (Your application is being considered by . ’New World’ Advertising.) The examiner tells candidates the regulations at the beginning of the exam. TOLD => At the beginning of the exam candidates the regulations. (are told about/ are told) We haven't arranged a date for the wedding yet. BEEN => A date for the wedding yet. (has not been arranged/hasn't been arranged/has not been set) They will have given him the news by now. TOLD => He the news by now. (will have been told/ 'll have been told) A lot of effort has been put in the work by the little girl. => The little ___ (The little girl has put a lot of effort in the work.) V + To Be + V(p2) E.g. - There’s so much to do. => There’s so much to be done. They wanted you to tell me story again.=> They wanted the story to be told again. Practice: V + To Be + Vp2 Rich families tend to send their children to private schools. => Children of (Children of rich families are often sent to private schools/ tend to be sent to private schools.) (DHDL Phuong Dong – Khoi D 97-98, P.110) She expected us to offer her the job. => She . (She expected to be offered the job.) (Phan Vien Bao Chi va Tuyen Truyen – P.308) His passport was nowhere to be found. => No one (No one knew where to find his passport.) (DHDL Dong Do – 2001-2002, P. 157) Your hair needs combing properly. => Your hair needs (Your hair needs to be combed properly.) (CD KTDN TP. Ho Chi Minh – 2001-2002, P. 220) We expect the government to propose changes to the taxation system. => Changes to the taxation system (are expected to be proposed by the government.) He promised not to report me to the police. => I Tài liệu chuyên sâu bồi dưỡng học sinh giỏi Tiếng Anh 36
36. 20 chuyên đề ngữ pháp nâng cao Tiếng Anh THCS và THPT 2018 (was promised not to be reported to the police.) (BTTA 12 – P.57) The travel agent is going to send us the tickets when they arrive. => I’ve arranged (for the tickets to be sent to us (by the travel agent) when they arrive.) (BD HSG TA 11 – P.130) They told Nick not to go to the city centre on New Year’s Eve. (WARNED) => Nick from the city centre on New Year’s Eve. (Nick was warned to stay away/ keep away from the city centre on New Year’s Eve. (CAE – 4) Stay away from St = Keep away from St: tránh xa, không đến gần We certainly don’t want any repetition of such a ridiculous spectacle ever again. (repeated) => We certainly don’t want such a ridiculous spectacle to be repeated ever again. The plan was originally to complete the building by June. (due) => The building was originally due to be completed by June. V + Being + V(p2) E.g. They always make fun of me and I hate it. => I (I hate being made fun of.) (DH Ngoai Thuong – 2001-2002, P.72) I remember them taking me to the zoo. => I . (DH Ngoai Thuong – 2001-2002, P.72) She always keeps me waiting. I hate it. => I . (I hate being kept waiting.) (CD KTDN TP. Ho Chi Minh – 2001-2002, P. 220) Joe doesn’t like it when people treat him like a child. => Joe resents (being treated like a child/ people treating him like a child.) (BD HSG TA 11 – P.27) resent (doing) St: bực tức, ghét, phẫn nộ 5. I dislike it when people criticize me unfairly. => I object (to being criticized unfairly.) (to people criticizing me unfairly => acceptable) (BD HSG TA 12 – P.153) before it. He didn’t remember that he had been ordered to appear before the judge. => He had no recollection of (being ordered to appear before the judge.) She vaguely remembers that she was knocked down by a motorbike. => She has vague memories of (being knocked down by a motorbike.) It’s never very nice when people laugh at you. => Being (laughed at is never very nice.) Stewart was criticized for his extravagance and was more careful after that. => Having (been criticized for his extravagance, Stewart was more careful (afterwards). I really wish I hadn’t been pushed into giving a speech. => I really regret being pushed (or: having been pushed) into giving a speech. Because I was told it was quicker, I naturally took the mountain road. => Having (been told it was quicker, I naturally took the mountain road. Tài liệu chuyên sâu bồi dưỡng học sinh giỏi Tiếng Anh 37
37. 20 chuyên đề ngữ pháp nâng cao Tiếng Anh THCS và THPT 2018 I can’t tell you what it feels like because nobody’s ever given me $100.000. => Never (having been given $100.00 (before), I can’t tell you what it feels like. Imperatives in the Passive Voice (phụ thuộc nghĩa của câu gốc) Phương pháp làm bài cơ bản: Thêm Let (câu mlkđ) /Don’t Let (câu mlpđ) vào đầu câu, đặt O câu chủ động sau Let, thêm Be (không chia) sau O, chuyển V thành Vp2, rồi viết các phần còn lại (nếu có). E.g. Write your name on the board! => Let your name be written on the board. Tuy nhiên khi gặp từng tình huống cụ thể phải dựa vào nghĩa, từ gợi ý để tìm ra cấu trúc phù hợp Một số ví dụ tham khảo: E.g. 1. Don’t touch this switch. => This (This switch mustn’t be touched. (Phan Vien Bao Chi va Tuyen Truyen – P.308) - warning Don’t let the others see you. => Don’t (Don’t let yourself be seen by the others. ) (CDSP TP.HCM – P.338) 3. Turn off all switches before leaving the workshop. => All (All the switches must be turned off before leaving the workshop. (DHDL Dong Do – 2001-2002, P. 153) 4. “Enter by this door.” A notice said. => You (You are allowed to enter by this door. (CD KTDN TP. Ho Chi Minh – 2001-2002, P. 220) 5. Please do not smoke in this area of the restaurants. => Customers are (not allowed to smoke in this area of the restaurants.) (DH SP Quy Nhon – Khoi D 97-98, P.243) Modal Verbs in the Passive Voice E.g. Governments should preserve all the world’s languages. OUGHT => All the world’s languages governments. (ought to be preserved by) It will be necessary to send this letter first class. HAVE => This letter . first class. (will have to be sent) You can’t park here. It’s a restricted area. => No (No parking is permitted here./ No cars are allowed to park here.) (DH Thai Nguyen – 2001-2002, P.85) PRACTICE: The Passive Voice with Modal Verbs They ought to have taught this to the students at the very beginning. => This (This ought to have been taught to the students at the very beginning/ The students ought to have been taught this at the very beginning.) (DHDL Thang Long – Khoi D 97-98, P.114) You must not smoke in here => Smoking (Smoking is not allowed in here) (DHDL Thang Long – Khoi D 97-98, P.119) Cyclists are not allowed to ride on the station platform. (must) => Bicycles on the station platform. (must not be ridden) (BTTH TA 10 – P.56) We shall have to tow the car to the garage. => The car (The car will have to be towed to the garage. (BTTA 12 – P.170) They ought to have reported the accident to the police. => The (The accident ought to have been reported to the police.) (BTTA 12 – P.170) Tài liệu chuyên sâu bồi dưỡng học sinh giỏi Tiếng Anh 38
38. 20 chuyên đề ngữ pháp nâng cao Tiếng Anh THCS và THPT 2018 You must take notice of the school rules. (ignored) => (The school rules must not be ignored.)   (take notice of St: chú ý, để ý pay attention to St Keep an eye on St/Sb – ignore St: phớt lờ) (BD HSG TA 11 – P.130) You should wash your shirt right now before that stain dries. (NEEDS) => Your shirt needs washing right now before the stain dries. (BD HSG TA 12 – P.139) Peter’s hair really ought to be cut. (needs) => (Peter’s hair really needs to be but/ cutting.) Cyclists are not allowed to ride on the station platform. (must) => Bicycles (BTTA 10 – P.118) You mustn’t move this man, he is too ill. You’ll have to leave him here. => This man (This man mustn’t be moved, he is too ill. He will have to be left here. (Phan Vien Bao Chi va TT – P.308) 15. Steve definitely didn't write that essay. WRITTEN => That essay by Steve. (can't have been written/won't have been written/ cannot have been written/will not have been written) => Passive + Inference of the Past 16. Loans must be repaid in full. BACK => You all the money. (must pay back (Passive to active + phrasal verb) 17. I'm sorry but you must not smoke here. FORBIDDEN => I'm afraid here. (smoking is forbidden/ smoking's forbidden (Noun to verb + verb change) 18. I suppose the authorities have killed the dog. => The dog ___ (The dog might / must have been killed by the authorities.) The students will finish their English course at the end of June. HAVE => The English course the beginning of July. (will have finished by) We have a six o’clock deadline for this work. => This work (This work must be finished before/ no later than 6 o’clock.) (DH Thai Nguyen – 2001- 2002, P.85) It is necessary to do all of this photocopying before lunchtime. (BTTA 12 – P.157) => All of this photocopying (has to be done before lunchtime./ needs doing/ needs to be done before lunch time.) It is necessary to extend the college to accommodate the growing number of students. (BTTA 12 – P.157) => The colledge has (to be extended to accommodate the growing number of students.) Is leaving everything here really necessary? left => Does everything here? (Does everything really have to be left here?) I'm afraid you can't smoke in here. ALLOWED => You in here. (are not allowed to smoke/'re not allowed to smoke/aren't allowed to smoke) It is thought that one in every five people cannot control how much they spend. (unable) Tài liệu chuyên sâu bồi dưỡng học sinh giỏi Tiếng Anh 39
39. 20 chuyên đề ngữ pháp nâng cao Tiếng Anh THCS và THPT 2018 => One in every five people is thought . their spending under control. (One in every five people is thought to be unable to keep their spending under control.) (CAE-1) cannot + V = to be unable to + V to control st = to keep st under control 10. My passport needs renewing because I’m going abroad this summer. (get) => I need . because I’m going abroad this summer. (I need to get my passport renewed because I’m going abroad this summer.) (CAE-1) get/have st done get sb to do st have sb do st (CAE-1) 13. There are various ways of avoiding insect bites. (prevented) => Insect bites can various ways. (Insect bites can be prevented in various ways. (CAE-1) 17. This form must be completed before you leave. fill => You ___ this form before you leave. (You __must/arerequired to/are expected to/have to fill in _this form before you leave.) Somebody should tell him. told => He needs by someone. (He needs to be told by someone.) I can assure you I will arrange everything in time. => You (You can be assured that everything will be arranged in time.) (CDSP TP.HCM – P.338) We couldn’t make the machine work. => The machine (couldn’t be made to work.) (BD HSG TA 12 – P.140) It + be Basic Form with verbs of ideas (say, think, believe, consider, report, know, expect, claim, announce, allege, ): People say that / It is said that Form 1:  S1 + V1 + (that) + S2 + V2 + O It + be + V1(p2) + that + S2 + V2 + O (1) (BE chia theo thì của V1) E.g. - People say that Henry eats 20 eggs a day. => It They expect that the strike will begin tomorrow. => It Form 2: S1 + V1 + (that) + S2 + V2 + O  S2 + be + V1(p2) + To V2(inf) + O (2) (=> V1-HTĐ – V2-HTĐ/TLĐ, V1-QKĐ – V2-QKĐ) (BE chia theo thì của V1) People said that he was very rich. => He People say that health is more precious than gold. => Health . People believe that knowledge is the key to open all things. => Knowledge Form 3: S1 + V1 + (that) + S2 + V2 + O S2 + be + V1(p2) + To Have + V2(p2) + O (3) (=> V1-HTĐ – V2-QKĐ/HTHT, V1-QKĐ – V2-QKHT/QKĐ*) (BE chia theo thì của V1) People believed that he has stolen money. => They reported that the president had suffered a heart attack. => E.g. - People believed that he was waiting for his friend. => He was believed to have been waiting for his friend. Tài liệu chuyên sâu bồi dưỡng học sinh giỏi Tiếng Anh 40
40. 20 chuyên đề ngữ pháp nâng cao Tiếng Anh THCS và THPT 2018 PRACTICE: It + be It was clear that the architects had planned the city very well. => It was clear that (It was clear that the city had been planned very well by the architects.) (DHDL Thang Long – Khoi D 97-98, P.114) It is impossible to do this. => This (=> This is impossible to be done.) (DH Ngoai Thuong – 2001-2002, P.72) => It  + be + adj + to do St St + be + adj + to be done It’s thought that the accident was caused by human error. => The accident is (thought to have been caused by human error.) (HV Ngan Hang Phan Vien TP. HCM – 2001-2002, P. 108) We expected that the report will be published shortly. => The report (was reported to be published shortly) (BTTA 11 – P.172) It is believed that the man was killed by terrorists. => The man (is believed to have been killed by terrorists.) (BTTA 11 – P.211) People think that the company is planning a new advertising campaign. => The company (is thought to be planning a new advertising campaign.) (BTTA 11 – P.211) It was reported that the President had suffered a heart attack. => The President (was reported to have suffered a heart attack.) (BTTA 11 – P.211) It is alleged that the man was driving at 110 miles an hour. => The man (is alleged to have been driving at 110 miles an hour.) (BTTA 11 – P.211) It is said that there is a secret tunnel between them. => There (is said to be a secret tunnel between them) (BTTA 11 – P.211) People have acknowledged that under-funding contributed to the problem. => Under-funding (has been acknowledged to have contributed to the problem. (BTTA 11 – P.211) People say he was once in the French Foreign Legion. => He (is said to have been once in the French Foreign Legion.) (BTTA 12 – P.220) 12. It's common knowledge that he has been in prison several times. => He is known (passive + style: It’s common knowledge that = It’s known that = People know that ) (De TSDH 2002) There had been allegations of drug-taking by members of the team. => It (have been alleged that members of the team had took/took drugs. => lệch thì) (BD HSG TA 11 – P.118) Everyone’s saying the government is about to resign. (rumoured) => (It is (being) rumoured that the government is about to resign. (BD HSG TA 11 – P.167) She passed the word around that she was looking for a flat. (known) => (She let it be known that she was looking for a flat.) (Cô ấy nói với mọi người/ cho mọi người biết là (BD HSG TA 11 – P.167) There had been allegations of drug-taking by members of the team. => It Tài liệu chuyên sâu bồi dưỡng học sinh giỏi Tiếng Anh 41
41. 20 chuyên đề ngữ pháp nâng cao Tiếng Anh THCS và THPT 2018 (had been allegated that members of the team had taken/took drugs.) (BD HSG TA 11 – P.167) - allegate (v): lý luận, viện cớ, cho rằng - allegation: lý luận, lý lẽ, People say that the president wanted to be a film star. => The president is (said to have wanted to be a film star.) (BD HSG TA 12 – P.72) The thinking is that he has been targeted to succeed the president. => He is (thought to have been targeted to succeed the president.) (BD HSG TA 12 – P.84) Some people say that Siolkovsky invented the space rocket. (CREDITED) => Siolkovsky is credited with inventing/ having invented the space rocket. (BD HSG TA – P.165) - Credit Sb with (doing) St: Tin rằng ai đó đã làm được điều gì. => thường được sử dụng trong câu bị động. => Siolkovsky is credited with the invention of the space rocket. => passive + style => Siolkovsky is credited with being the inventor of the space rocket. => passive + style Experts think that all dogs evolved from wolves. => All dogs are (thought to have evolved from wolves.) (BD HSG TA 12 – P.165) 21. It is said that he escaped to a neutral country. => He (is said to have escaped to a neutral country.) (BD HSG TA 12 – P.180) People believe that Leonardo da Vinci foresaw the invention of aircraft. (BELIEVED) => The invention of aircraft foreseen by Leonardo da Vinci. (The invention of aircraft is believed to have been foreseen by Leonardo da Vinci. (CAE-3) The managing director expects an overwhelming vote of confidence in the board. => The managing director believes (The managing director believes that there will be an overwhelming vote of confidence in the board.) 24. Protective clothing must be worn when working in this area. => It (It is forbidden to work in this area without (wearing) protective clothing.) We did not think it was advisable to cancel the order. => It (It was not thought advisable to cancel the order.) They believe the students were educated in England. believed => The students educated in England. (The students are believed to have been educated in England.) They think the owner of the house is abroad. => The owner (The owner of the house is thought to be abroad) People say Greek is a difficult language to learn. said => Greek . difficult language to learn. (Greek is said to be a . difficult language to learn.) It’s been reported that the chancellor is very satisfied with his visit to Japan. => The chancellor (The chancellor has been reported to be very satisfied with his visit to Japan.) Nobody knows what caused the collapse of the building. => It’s (It’s unknown/ uncertain what caused the collapse of the building.) It is feared this mammal species will be extinct by the year of 2020. => This mammal species is Tài liệu chuyên sâu bồi dưỡng học sinh giỏi Tiếng Anh 42
42. 20 chuyên đề ngữ pháp nâng cao Tiếng Anh THCS và THPT 2018 (This mammal species is feared to be extinct by the year of 2020.) 33. They say that the political situation in this region is changing. => The political situation (The political situation in this region is said to be changing.) 34. Experts estimate that most people now have access to the Internet. IS => most people now have access to the Internet. (It is estimated/ It's estimated/ It is estimated by experts/ It's estimated by experts) Most people think one of the fiercest zoo lions has bitten the dog. => The dog is ___ (The dog is thought to have been bitten by one of the fiercest zoo lions.) People say that this novel was written by a very young author. => This novel (BTTA 10 – P.77) The man claimed that he had been nowhere near the factory at the time of the break-in. (to) => The man claimed not near the factory at the time of the break-in. (The man claimed not to have been (anywhere) near the factory at the time of the break- in. (CAE-1) They say that caviare tastes nice. supposed => Caviare ___ nice. (Caviare ___is supposed to taste___ nice.) People say that the pyramids are worth visiting. supposed => The pyramids worth visiting. (The pyramids are supposed to be . worth visiting.) Many people believe that Stonehenge was built as some kind of time-keeping device. => Stonehenge (is believed by many people to have been built as some kind of time-keeping device.) (26-Gram and Vocab Advanced and Proficiency) It is often said that Shakespeare never revised anything he wrote. => Shakespeare is often said never to have revised anything he wrote. (26-Gram and Vocab Advanced and Proficiency) There were once thought to be canals on Mars. =>It was once thought that there were canals on Mars. (26-Gram and Vocab Advanced and Proficiency) From what we understand, there was an attack last night in the vicinity of the beach. => There is understood/thought to have been an attack last night in the vicinity of the beach. (26-Gram and Vocab Advanced and Proficiency) It’s a widespread assumption that George was wrongly accused. => George is widely assumed to have been wrongly accused. (26-Gram and Vocab Advanced and Proficiency) Have St done E.g.  Form 1:S + have (tense) + St + V(p2) + (by Sb) S + get (tense) + St + V(p2) (by Sb) => Passive  Form 1: S + have (tense) + Sb + V(bare) S + get (tense) + Sb + V(to infinitive) => Active 1. Mr. Pike mended the washing machine for me. => I had (I had the washing machine mended by Mr.Pike./ I had Mr. Pike mend the washing machine.) (Hoc Vien Bao Chi va Tuyen Truyen – Khoi D 97-98, P.312) 2. They are going to repair my car tomorrow. => I (BTTA 10 – P.143) Tài liệu chuyên sâu bồi dưỡng học sinh giỏi Tiếng Anh 43